Industry
Industry from Latin industrius diligent industrious is the segment of economy concerned with the production of goods and services Industry began in its present form during the s aided by technological advances and has continued to develop into new types and sectors to this day Many developed countries for example the UK the US and Canada and many developingsemideveloped countries Peoples Republic of China India etc depend significantly on industry Industries the countries they reside in and the economies of those countries are interlinked in a complex web of interdependenceThere are four key sectors of industry the primary sector largely raw material extraction industries such as mining and farming the secondary sector involving refining and manufacturing the tertiary sector which deals with services such as law and medicine and distribution of manufactured goods and the quaternary sector a relatively new type of industry focussing technological research design and developmentIndustry in the second sense became a key sector of production in European and North American countries during the Industrial Revolution which upset previous mercantile and feudal economies through many successive rapid advances in technology such as the steel and coal production Industrial countries then assumed a capitalist economic policy Railroads and steampowered ships began speedily establishing links with previously unreachable world markets enabling private companies to develop to thenunheard of size and wealth Following the Industrial Revolution perhaps a third of the worlds economic output is derived from manufacturing industries more than agricultures share.
|
|
Manufacturing
Manufacturing from Latin manu factura making by hand is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale The term may refer to a vast range of human activity from handicraft to high tech but is most commonly applied to industrial production in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scaleManufacturing takes place under all types of economic systems In a capitalist economy manufacturing is usually directed toward the mass production of products for sale to consumers at a profit In a collectivist economy manufacturing is more frequently directed by a state agency to supply perceived needs In modern economies manufacturing occurs under some degree of government regulation Modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required for the production and integration of a products components Some industries such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead which was originally controversial due to textile connotations but has now become commonplace Manufacturing is used ironically within some of these companies as a term referring solely to the marketing of the product perhaps due to it having the alternate meaning of creating false statements More generally many companies use it to describe the entire process of production all the way through from idea conception to its first use by the காங்சுமேர்
The manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design Examples of major manufacturers in the United States include General Motors Corporation Ford Motor Company Chrysler Boeing Gates Rubber Company and Pfizer Examples in Europe include Frances Airbus and Michelin Tire Modern proponents of Fair Trade policy and a strong manufacturing base for the US economy include economists Paul Craig Roberts and Ravi Batra and commentator Lou DobbsAccording to some economists manufacturing is a wealthproducing sector of an economy whereas a service sector tends to be wealthconsuming Economists who favor a strong manufacturinng base oppose outsourcing for the sake of labor arbitrage to obtain cheap labor as an example of absolute advantage which does not produce mutual gain and not an example of comparative advantage which does Emerging technologies have provided some new growth in advanced manufacturing employment opportunities in the Manufacturing Belt in the United States Manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and for national defense
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late and early centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain and subsequently spread throughout Europe and North America and eventually the world a process that continues as industrialisation The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human social history comparable to the invention of farming or the rise of the first citystates almost every aspect of daily life and human society was eventually influenced in some way In the later part of the the manual labourbased economy of the Kingdom of Great Britain began to be replaced by one dominated by industry and the manufacture of machinery It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries the development of ironmaking techniques and the increased use of refined coal Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals improved roads and railways The introduction of steam power fuelled primarily by powered machinery in textile manufacturing underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity development of allmetal machine tools in the first two decades of the facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the eventually affecting most of the world
The impact of this change on society was enormousThe First Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steampowered ships railways and later in the nineteenth century with the internal combustion engine and electrical power generationThe period of time covered by the Industrial Revolution varies with different historians Eric Hobsbawm held that it broke out in the and was not fully felt until the while held that it occurred roughly between Some twentieth century historians such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts have argued that the process of economic and social change took place gradually and the term revolution is not a true description of what took place This is still a subject of debate amongst historiansGDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist The industrial revolution began an era of percapita economic growth in capitalist economiesAnother theory is that Britain was able to succeed in the Industrial Revolution due to the availability of key resources it possessed It had a dense population for its small geographical size Enclosure of common land and the related Agricultural Revolution made a supply of this labour readily available There was also a local coincidence of natural resources in the North of England the English Midlands South Wales and the Scottish Lowlands Local supplies of coal iron lead copper tin limestone and water power resulted in excellent conditions for the development and expansion of industry Also the damp mild weather conditions of the North West of England provided ideal conditions for the spinning of cotton providing a natural starting point for the birth of the textiles industry
|
|
Chemical industry
The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals It is central to modern world economy converting raw materials oil natural gas air water metals minerals into more than different products Polymers and plastics especially polyethylene polypropylene polyvinyl chloride polyethylene terephthalate polystyrene and polycarbonate comprise about of the industry’s output worldwide Chemicals are used to make a wide variety of consumer goods as well as thousands inputs to agriculture manufacturing construction and service industries The chemical industry itself consumes percent of its own output Major industrial customers include rubber and plastic products textiles apparel petroleum refining pulp and paper and primary metals Chemicals is nearly a $ trillion global enterprise and the EU and US chemical companies are the worlds largest producers The largest corporate producers worldwide with plants in numerous countries are BASF Dow Shell Bayer and Mitsubishi along with thousands of smaller firmsIn the US there are major chemical companies They operate internationally with more than facilities outside the and foreign subsidiaries or affiliates operating The US chemical output is a year The US industry records large trade surpluses and employs more than a million people in the United States alone The chemical industry is also the second largest consumer of energy in manufacturing and spends over $ billion annually on pollution abatement
In Europe especially Germany the chemical plastics and rubber sectors are among the largest industrial sectors Together they generate about jobs in more than companies the chemical sector alone has represented of the entire manufacturing trade surplus of the EU The chemical sector accounts for of the EU manufacturing industrys added valueThe chemical industry has shown rapid growth for more than fifty years The fastest growing areas have been in the manufacture of synthetic organic polymers used as plastics fibres and elastomers Historically and presently the chemical industry has been concentrated in three areas of the world Western Europe North America and Japan the Triad The European Community remains the largest producer area followed by the USA and JapanThe traditional dominance of chemical production by the Triad countries is being challenged by changes in feedstock availability and price labour cost energy cost differential rates of economic growth and environmental pressures Instrumental in the changing structure of the global chemical industry has been the growth in China India Korea the Middle East South East Asia Nigeria Trinidad Thailand Brazil Venezuela and Indonesia
Petroleum industry
The petroleum industry operates on the petroleum market Petroleum is vital to nearly all other industries if not industrialized civilization itself and thus is critical concern to many nations Oil accounts for a large percentage of the world’s energy consumption ranging from a low of for Europe and Asia up to a high of for the Middle East Other geographic regions consumption patterns are as follows South and Central America Africa and North America The world at large consumes billion barrels of oil per year and the top oil consumers largely consist of developed nations In fact of the oil consumed in went to the United States alone The production distribution refining and retailing of petroleum taken as a whole represent the single largest industry in terms of dollar value on earthPetroleum is a mixture of a very large number of different hydrocarbons the most commonly found molecules are alkanes linear or branched cycloalkanes aromatic hydrocarbons or more complicated chemicals like asphaltenes Each petroleum variety has a unique mix of molecules which define its physical and chemical properties like color and viscosityMost geologists view crude oil and natural gas as the product of compression and heating of ancient organic materials over geological time Oil is formed from the preserved remains of prehistoric zooplankton and algae which have been settled to the sea or lake bottom in large quantities under anoxic conditions Terrestrial plants on the other hand tend to form coal Over geological time this organic matter mixed with mud is buried under heavy layers of sediment The resulting high levels of heat and pressure cause the organic matter to chemically change during diagenesis first into a waxy material known as kerogen which is found in various oil shales around the world and then with more heat into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons in a process known as catagenesis
Geologists often refer to an oil window which is the temperature range that oil forms in—below the minimum temperature oil remains trapped in the form of kerogen and above the maximum temperature the oil is converted to natural gas through the process of thermal cracking Though this happens at different depths in different locations around the world a typical depth for the oil window might be km Note that even if oil is formed at extreme depths it may be trapped at much shallower depths even if it is not formed there Athabasca Oil Sands is one exampleBecause most hydrocarbons are lighter than rock or water these often migrate upward through adjacent rock layers until they either reach the surface or become trapped beneath impermeable rocks within porous rocks called reservoirs However the process is not straightforward since it is influenced underground water flows and oil may migrate hundreds of kilometres horizontally or even short distances downward before becoming trapped in a reservoir Concentration of hydrocarbons in a trap forms an oil field from which the liquid can be extracted by drilling and pumpingThe idea of abiogenic petroleum origin was championed in the Western world by astronomer Thomas Gold based on thoughts from Russia mainly on studies of Nikolai Kudryavtsev in the The idea proposes that hydrocarbons of purely geological origin exist in the plane Hydrocarbons are less dense than aqueous pore fluids and are proposed to migrate upward through deep fracture networks Thermophilic rockdwelling microbial lifeforms are proposed to be in part responsible for the biomarkers found in petroleum
| Scam "Earth 4 Energy"?
Do not buy this until you have read more HERE... |
Hospitality industry
The hospitality industry is a dollar service sector within the global economy It is an umbrella term for a broad variety of service industries including but not limited to hotels service casinos and tourism The hospitality industry is very diverse and global The industry is cyclical dictated by the fluctuations that occur with an economy every year approximately public houses in the United Kingdom with one in almost every city town and village In many places especially in villages a pub can be the focal point of the community playing a similar role to the local church in this respectPublic housesculturally and socially different from places such as cafés bars bierkellers and brewpubsPubs are social places based on the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages and most public houses offer a range of beers wines spirits alcopops and soft drinks Many pubs are controllet breweries so beer is often better value than wines and spirits whilst soft drinks can be expensive Beer served in a pub may be cask ale or keg beer All pubs also have a rang nonalcoholic beverages available Traditionally the windows of town pubs are of smoked or frosted glass so that the clientèle is obscured from the street In the last twenty years in the UK and other countries there has been a move away from frosted glass towards clear glass a trend which fits in with brighter interior décors
The owner tenant or manager licensee of a public house is known as the publican or landlord Each pub generally has regulars people who drink there regularly The pub that people visit most often is called their local In many cases this will be the pub nearest to their home but some people choose their local for other reasons proximity to work a traditional venue for their friends the availability of a particular cask ale nonsmoking or formerly as a place to smoke freely or maybe a darts team or pool tableA society with a particular interest in the traditional British beers and the preservation of the integrity of the public house is the Campaign for Real AleDetailed records were kept on licensing giving the Public House its address owner licensee and misdemeanours of the licensees for periods often going back for hundreds of years Many of these records survive and can be viewed for example at the London Metropolitan Archives centreA few pubs have stage performances such as serious drama standup comedians a musical band or striptease however juke boxes and other forms prerecorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a piano and singing
Meat packing industry
The meat packing industry is an industry that handles the slaughtering processing and distribution of animals such as cattle pigs sheep and other livestockThe industry is primarily focused on producing meat for human consumption but it also yields a variety of byproducts including hides feathers dried blood and through the process of rendering fat such as tallow and protein meals such as meat & bone meal In the US and some other countries the place where the meat packing is done is called a meat packing plant in New Zealand where most of the produce is exported it is called a freezing works An abattoir is a place where animals are slaughtered for foodIn Europe some MBM is used ingredients in petfood but the vast majority is now used as a fossilfuel replacement for renewable energy generation as a fuel in cement kilns landfilling or incinerationMeat and bone meal has around two thirds the energy value of fossil fuels such as coal the UK in particular widely uses meat and bone meal for the generation of renewable electricity This was particularly prominent after many cattle had to be slaughtered during the Mad Cow Disease crisisMeat and bone meal is increasingly used in cement kilns as an environmentally sustainable replacement for coal
In the past mad cow disease spread through the inclusion of ruminant meat and bone meal in cattle feed due to prion contamination This practice is now banned in most countries where it has occurred Some animals have a lower tolerance for spoiled or moldy fodder than others and certain types of molds toxins or poisonous weeds inadvertently mixed into a food source may cause economic losses due to sickness or death of the animalsPasture is land with herbaceous vegetation cover used for grazing of ungulate livestock as part of a farm or ranch Prior to the advent of mechanized farming pasture was the primary source of food for grazing animals such as cattle and horses It is still used extensively particularly in arid regions where pasture land is unsuitable for any other agricultural production In more humid regions pasture grazing is exploited extensively for free range and organic farminoPasture growth can consist of grasses legumes other forbs shrubs or a mixture Soil type minimum annual temperature and rainfall are important factors in pasture managementIn economics and urban planning industrial is a type of land use and economic activity involved with manufacturing and productionEarly industries involved manufacturing goods for trade including weapons clothing pottery In medieval Europe industry became dominated by the guilds in cities and towns who mutual support for the members interests and maintained standards of workmanship and ethical conductThe industrial revolution led to the development of factories for largescale production with consequent changes in society Originally the factories were steampowered but later transitioned to electricity once an electrical grid was developed The mechanized assembly line was introduced to assemble parts in a repeatable fashion with individual workers performing specific steps during the process This led to significant increases in efficiency lowering the cost of the end process Later automation was increasingly used to replace human operators This process has accelerated with the development of the computer and the robotHistorically certain manufacturing industries have gone into a decline due to various economic factors including the development of replacement technology or the loss of competitive advantage An example of the former is the decline in carriage manufacturing when the automobile was massproduced
Manufacturing from Latin manu factura making by hand is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale The term may refer to a vast range of human activity from handicraft to high tech but is most commonly applied to industrial production in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scaleManufacturing takes place under all types of economic systems In a capitalist economy manufacturing is usually directed toward the mass production of products for sale to consumers at a profit In a collectivist economy manufacturing is more frequently directed by a state agency to supply perceived needs In modern economies manufacturing occurs under some degree of government regulation Modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required for the production and integration of a products components Some industries such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead which was originally controversial due to textile connotations but has now become commonplace Manufacturing is used ironically within some of these companies as a term referring solely to the marketing of the product perhaps due to it having the alternate meaning of creating false statements More generally many companies use it to describe the entire process of production all the way through from idea conception to its first use by the consumer
The manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design Examples of major manufacturers in the United States include General Motors Corporation Ford Motor Company Chrysler Boeing Gates Rubber Company and Pfizer Examples in Europe include Frances Airbus and Michelin Tire Modern proponents of Fair Trade policy and a strong manufacturing base for the US economy include economists Paul Craig Roberts and Ravi Batra and commentator Lou DobbsAccording to some economists manufacturing is a wealthproducing sector of an economy whereas a service sector tends to be wealthconsuming Economists who favor a strong manufacturinng base oppose outsourcing for the sake of labor arbitrage to obtain cheap labor as an example of absolute advantage which does not produce mutual gain and not an example of comparative advantage which does Emerging technologies have provided some new growth in advanced manufacturing employment opportunities in the Manufacturing Belt in the United States Manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and for national defense
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late and early centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain and subsequently spread throughout Europe and North America and eventually the world a process that continues as industrialisation The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human social history comparable to the invention of farming or the rise of the first citystates almost every aspect of daily life and human society was eventually influenced in some way In the later part of the the manual labourbased economy of the Kingdom of Great Britain began to be replaced by one dominated by industry and the manufacture of machinery It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries the development of ironmaking techniques and the increased use of refined coal Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals improved roads and railways The introduction of steam power fuelled primarily by powered machinery in textile manufacturing underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity development of allmetal machine tools in the first two decades of the facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the eventually affecting most of the world
The impact of this change on society was enormousThe First Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steampowered ships railways and later in the nineteenth century with the internal combustion engine and electrical power generationThe period of time covered by the Industrial Revolution varies with different historians Eric Hobsbawm held that it broke out in the and was not fully felt until the while held that it occurred roughly between Some twentieth century historians such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts have argued that the process of economic and social change took place gradually and the term revolution is not a true description of what took place This is still a subject of debate amongst historiansGDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist The industrial revolution began an era of percapita economic growth in capitalist economiesAnother theory is that Britain was able to succeed in the Industrial Revolution due to the availability of key resources it possessed It had a dense population for its small geographical size Enclosure of common land and the related Agricultural Revolution made a supply of this labour readily available There was also a local coincidence of natural resources in the North of England the English Midlands South Wales and the Scottish Lowlands Local supplies of coal iron lead copper tin limestone and water power resulted in excellent conditions for the development and expansion of industry Also the damp mild weather conditions of the North West of England provided ideal conditions for the spinning of cotton providing a natural starting point for the birth of the textiles industry
Chemical industry
The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals It is central to modern world economy converting raw materials oil natural gas air water metals minerals into more than different products Polymers and plastics especially polyethylene polypropylene polyvinyl chloride polyethylene terephthalate polystyrene and polycarbonate comprise about of the industry’s output worldwide Chemicals are used to make a wide variety of consumer goods as well as thousands inputs to agriculture manufacturing construction and service industries The chemical industry itself consumes percent of its own output Major industrial customers include rubber and plastic products textiles apparel petroleum refining pulp and paper and primary metals Chemicals is nearly a $ trillion global enterprise and the EU and US chemical companies are the worlds largest producers The largest corporate producers worldwide with plants in numerous countries are BASF Dow Shell Bayer and Mitsubishi along with thousands of smaller firmsIn the US there are major chemical companies They operate internationally with more than facilities outside the and foreign subsidiaries or affiliates operating The US chemical output is a year The US industry records large trade surpluses and employs more than a million people in the United States alone The chemical industry is also the second largest consumer of energy in manufacturing and spends over $ billion annually on pollution abatement
In Europe especially Germany the chemical plastics and rubber sectors are among the largest industrial sectors Together they generate about jobs in more than companies the chemical sector alone has represented of the entire manufacturing trade surplus of the EU The chemical sector accounts for of the EU manufacturing industrys added valueThe chemical industry has shown rapid growth for more than fifty years The fastest growing areas have been in the manufacture of synthetic organic polymers used as plastics fibres and elastomers Historically and presently the chemical industry has been concentrated in three areas of the world Western Europe North America and Japan the Triad The European Community remains the largest producer area followed by the USA and JapanThe traditional dominance of chemical production by the Triad countries is being challenged by changes in feedstock availability and price labour cost energy cost differential rates of economic growth and environmental pressures Instrumental in the changing structure of the global chemical industry has been the growth in China India Korea the Middle East South East Asia Nigeria Trinidad Thailand Brazil Venezuela and Indonesia
Petroleum industry
The petroleum industry operates on the petroleum market Petroleum is vital to nearly all other industries if not industrialized civilization itself and thus is critical concern to many nations Oil accounts for a large percentage of the world’s energy consumption ranging from a low of for Europe and Asia up to a high of for the Middle East Other geographic regions consumption patterns are as follows South and Central America Africa and North America The world at large consumes billion barrels of oil per year and the top oil consumers largely consist of developed nations In fact of the oil consumed in went to the United States alone The production distribution refining and retailing of petroleum taken as a whole represent the single largest industry in terms of dollar value on earthPetroleum is a mixture of a very large number of different hydrocarbons the most commonly found molecules are alkanes linear or branched cycloalkanes aromatic hydrocarbons or more complicated chemicals like asphaltenes Each petroleum variety has a unique mix of molecules which define its physical and chemical properties like color and viscosityMost geologists view crude oil and natural gas as the product of compression and heating of ancient organic materials over geological time Oil is formed from the preserved remains of prehistoric zooplankton and algae which have been settled to the sea or lake bottom in large quantities under anoxic conditions Terrestrial plants on the other hand tend to form coal Over geological time this organic matter mixed with mud is buried under heavy layers of sediment The resulting high levels of heat and pressure cause the organic matter to chemically change during diagenesis first into a waxy material known as kerogen which is found in various oil shales around the world and then with more heat into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons in a process known as catagenesis
Geologists often refer to an oil window which is the temperature range that oil forms in—below the minimum temperature oil remains trapped in the form of kerogen and above the maximum temperature the oil is converted to natural gas through the process of thermal cracking Though this happens at different depths in different locations around the world a typical depth for the oil window might be km Note that even if oil is formed at extreme depths it may be trapped at much shallower depths even if it is not formed there Athabasca Oil Sands is one exampleBecause most hydrocarbons are lighter than rock or water these often migrate upward through adjacent rock layers until they either reach the surface or become trapped beneath impermeable rocks within porous rocks called reservoirs However the process is not straightforward since it is influenced underground water flows and oil may migrate hundreds of kilometres horizontally or even short distances downward before becoming trapped in a reservoir Concentration of hydrocarbons in a trap forms an oil field from which the liquid can be extracted by drilling and pumpingThe idea of abiogenic petroleum origin was championed in the Western world by astronomer Thomas Gold based on thoughts from Russia mainly on studies of Nikolai Kudryavtsev in the The idea proposes that hydrocarbons of purely geological origin exist in the plane Hydrocarbons are less dense than aqueous pore fluids and are proposed to migrate upward through deep fracture networks Thermophilic rockdwelling microbial lifeforms are proposed to be in part responsible for the biomarkers found in petroleum
Hospitality industry
The hospitality industry is a dollar service sector within the global economy It is an umbrella term for a broad variety of service industries including but not limited to hotels service casinos and tourism The hospitality industry is very diverse and global The industry is cyclical dictated by the fluctuations that occur with an economy every year approximately public houses in the United Kingdom with one in almost every city town and village In many places especially in villages a pub can be the focal point of the community playing a similar role to the local church in this respectPublic housesculturally and socially different from places such as cafés bars bierkellers and brewpubsPubs are social places based on the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages and most public houses offer a range of beers wines spirits alcopops and soft drinks Many pubs are controllet breweries so beer is often better value than wines and spirits whilst soft drinks can be expensive Beer served in a pub may be cask ale or keg beer All pubs also have a rang nonalcoholic beverages available Traditionally the windows of town pubs are of smoked or frosted glass so that the clientèle is obscured from the street In the last twenty years in the UK and other countries there has been a move away from frosted glass towards clear glass a trend which fits in with brighter interior décors
The owner tenant or manager licensee of a public house is known as the publican or landlord Each pub generally has regulars people who drink there regularly The pub that people visit most often is called their local In many cases this will be the pub nearest to their home but some people choose their local for other reasons proximity to work a traditional venue for their friends the availability of a particular cask ale nonsmoking or formerly as a place to smoke freely or maybe a darts team or pool tableA society with a particular interest in the traditional British beers and the preservation of the integrity of the public house is the Campaign for Real AleDetailed records were kept on licensing giving the Public House its address owner licensee and misdemeanours of the licensees for periods often going back for hundreds of years Many of these records survive and can be viewed for example at the London Metropolitan Archives centreA few pubs have stage performances such as serious drama standup comedians a musical band or striptease however juke boxes and other forms prerecorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a piano and singing
Meat packing industry
The meat packing industry is an industry that handles the slaughtering processing and distribution of animals such as cattle pigs sheep and other livestockThe industry is primarily focused on producing meat for human consumption but it also yields a variety of byproducts including hides feathers dried blood and through the process of rendering fat such as tallow and protein meals such as meat & bone meal In the US and some other countries the place where the meat packing is done is called a meat packing plant in New Zealand where most of the produce is exported it is called a freezing works An abattoir is a place where animals are slaughtered for foodIn Europe some MBM is used ingredients in petfood but the vast majority is now used as a fossilfuel replacement for renewable energy generation as a fuel in cement kilns landfilling or incinerationMeat and bone meal has around two thirds the energy value of fossil fuels such as coal the UK in particular widely uses meat and bone meal for the generation of renewable electricity This was particularly prominent after many cattle had to be slaughtered during the Mad Cow Disease crisisMeat and bone meal is increasingly used in cement kilns as an environmentally sustainable replacement for coal
In the past mad cow disease spread through the inclusion of ruminant meat and bone meal in cattle feed due to prion contamination This practice is now banned in most countries where it has occurred Some animals have a lower tolerance for spoiled or moldy fodder than others and certain types of molds toxins or poisonous weeds inadvertently mixed into a food source may cause economic losses due to sickness or death of the animalsPasture is land with herbaceous vegetation cover used for grazing of ungulate livestock as part of a farm or ranch Prior to the advent of mechanized farming pasture was the primary source of food for grazing animals such as cattle and horses It is still used extensively particularly in arid regions where pasture land is unsuitable for any other agricultural production In more humid regions pasture grazing is exploited extensively for free range and organic farminoPasture growth can consist of grasses legumes other forbs shrubs or a mixture Soil type minimum annual temperature and rainfall are important factors in pasture managementIn economics and urban planning industrial is a type of land use and economic activity involved with manufacturing and productionEarly industries involved manufacturing goods for trade including weapons clothing pottery In medieval Europe industry became dominated by the guilds in cities and towns who mutual support for the members interests and maintained standards of workmanship and ethical conductThe industrial revolution led to the development of factories for largescale production with consequent changes in society Originally the factories were steampowered but later transitioned to electricity once an electrical grid was developed The mechanized assembly line was introduced to assemble parts in a repeatable fashion with individual workers performing specific steps during the process This led to significant increases in efficiency lowering the cost of the end process Later automation was increasingly used to replace human operators This process has accelerated with the development of the computer and the robotHistorically certain manufacturing industries have gone into a decline due to various economic factors including the development of replacement technology or the loss of competitive advantage An example of the former is the decline in carriage manufacturing when the automobile was massproduced
Manufacturing from Latin manu factura making by hand is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale The term may refer to a vast range of human activity from handicraft to high tech but is most commonly applied to industrial production in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scaleManufacturing takes place under all types of economic systems In a capitalist economy manufacturing is usually directed toward the mass production of products for sale to consumers at a profit In a collectivist economy manufacturing is more frequently directed by a state agency to supply perceived needs In modern economies manufacturing occurs under some degree of government regulation Modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required for the production and integration of a products components Some industries such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead which was originally controversial due to textile connotations but has now become commonplace Manufacturing is used ironically within some of these companies as a term referring solely to the marketing of the product perhaps due to it having the alternate meaning of creating false statements More generally many companies use it to describe the entire process of production all the way through from idea conception to its first use by the consumer
The manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design Examples of major manufacturers in the United States include General Motors Corporation Ford Motor Company Chrysler Boeing Gates Rubber Company and Pfizer Examples in Europe include Frances Airbus and Michelin Tire Modern proponents of Fair Trade policy and a strong manufacturing base for the US economy include economists Paul Craig Roberts and Ravi Batra and commentator Lou DobbsAccording to some economists manufacturing is a wealthproducing sector of an economy whereas a service sector tends to be wealthconsuming Economists who favor a strong manufacturinng base oppose outsourcing for the sake of labor arbitrage to obtain cheap labor as an example of absolute advantage which does not produce mutual gain and not an example of comparative advantage which does Emerging technologies have provided some new growth in advanced manufacturing employment opportunities in the Manufacturing Belt in the United States Manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and for national defense
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late and early centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain and subsequently spread throughout Europe and North America and eventually the world a process that continues as industrialisation The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human social history comparable to the invention of farming or the rise of the first citystates almost every aspect of daily life and human society was eventually influenced in some way In the later part of the the manual labourbased economy of the Kingdom of Great Britain began to be replaced by one dominated by industry and the manufacture of machinery It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries the development of ironmaking techniques and the increased use of refined coal Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals improved roads and railways The introduction of steam power fuelled primarily by powered machinery in textile manufacturing underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity development of allmetal machine tools in the first two decades of the facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the eventually affecting most of the world
The impact of this change on society was enormousThe First Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steampowered ships railways and later in the nineteenth century with the internal combustion engine and electrical power generationThe period of time covered by the Industrial Revolution varies with different historians Eric Hobsbawm held that it broke out in the and was not fully felt until the while held that it occurred roughly between Some twentieth century historians such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts have argued that the process of economic and social change took place gradually and the term revolution is not a true description of what took place This is still a subject of debate amongst historiansGDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist The industrial revolution began an era of percapita economic growth in capitalist economiesAnother theory is that Britain was able to succeed in the Industrial Revolution due to the availability of key resources it possessed It had a dense population for its small geographical size Enclosure of common land and the related Agricultural Revolution made a supply of this labour readily available There was also a local coincidence of natural resources in the North of England the English Midlands South Wales and the Scottish Lowlands Local supplies of coal iron lead copper tin limestone and water power resulted in excellent conditions for the development and expansion of industry Also the damp mild weather conditions of the North West of England provided ideal conditions for the spinning of cotton providing a natural starting point for the birth of the textiles industry
Chemical industry
The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals It is central to modern world economy converting raw materials oil natural gas air water metals minerals into more than different products Polymers and plastics especially polyethylene polypropylene polyvinyl chloride polyethylene terephthalate polystyrene and polycarbonate comprise about of the industry’s output worldwide Chemicals are used to make a wide variety of consumer goods as well as thousands inputs to agriculture manufacturing construction and service industries The chemical industry itself consumes percent of its own output Major industrial customers include rubber and plastic products textiles apparel petroleum refining pulp and paper and primary metals Chemicals is nearly a $ trillion global enterprise and the EU and US chemical companies are the worlds largest producers The largest corporate producers worldwide with plants in numerous countries are BASF Dow Shell Bayer and Mitsubishi along with thousands of smaller firmsIn the US there are major chemical companies They operate internationally with more than facilities outside the and foreign subsidiaries or affiliates operating The US chemical output is a year The US industry records large trade surpluses and employs more than a million people in the United States alone The chemical industry is also the second largest consumer of energy in manufacturing and spends over $ billion annually on pollution abatement
In Europe especially Germany the chemical plastics and rubber sectors are among the largest industrial sectors Together they generate about jobs in more than companies the chemical sector alone has represented of the entire manufacturing trade surplus of the EU The chemical sector accounts for of the EU manufacturing industrys added valueThe chemical industry has shown rapid growth for more than fifty years The fastest growing areas have been in the manufacture of synthetic organic polymers used as plastics fibres and elastomers Historically and presently the chemical industry has been concentrated in three areas of the world Western Europe North America and Japan the Triad The European Community remains the largest producer area followed by the USA and JapanThe traditional dominance of chemical production by the Triad countries is being challenged by changes in feedstock availability and price labour cost energy cost differential rates of economic growth and environmental pressures Instrumental in the changing structure of the global chemical industry has been the growth in China India Korea the Middle East South East Asia Nigeria Trinidad Thailand Brazil Venezuela and Indonesia
Petroleum industry
The petroleum industry operates on the petroleum market Petroleum is vital to nearly all other industries if not industrialized civilization itself and thus is critical concern to many nations Oil accounts for a large percentage of the world’s energy consumption ranging from a low of for Europe and Asia up to a high of for the Middle East Other geographic regions consumption patterns are as follows South and Central America Africa and North America The world at large consumes billion barrels of oil per year and the top oil consumers largely consist of developed nations In fact of the oil consumed in went to the United States alone The production distribution refining and retailing of petroleum taken as a whole represent the single largest industry in terms of dollar value on earthPetroleum is a mixture of a very large number of different hydrocarbons the most commonly found molecules are alkanes linear or branched cycloalkanes aromatic hydrocarbons or more complicated chemicals like asphaltenes Each petroleum variety has a unique mix of molecules which define its physical and chemical properties like color and viscosityMost geologists view crude oil and natural gas as the product of compression and heating of ancient organic materials over geological time Oil is formed from the preserved remains of prehistoric zooplankton and algae which have been settled to the sea or lake bottom in large quantities under anoxic conditions Terrestrial plants on the other hand tend to form coal Over geological time this organic matter mixed with mud is buried under heavy layers of sediment The resulting high levels of heat and pressure cause the organic matter to chemically change during diagenesis first into a waxy material known as kerogen which is found in various oil shales around the world and then with more heat into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons in a process known as catagenesis
Geologists often refer to an oil window which is the temperature range that oil forms in—below the minimum temperature oil remains trapped in the form of kerogen and above the maximum temperature the oil is converted to natural gas through the process of thermal cracking Though this happens at different depths in different locations around the world a typical depth for the oil window might be km Note that even if oil is formed at extreme depths it may be trapped at much shallower depths even if it is not formed there Athabasca Oil Sands is one exampleBecause most hydrocarbons are lighter than rock or water these often migrate upward through adjacent rock layers until they either reach the surface or become trapped beneath impermeable rocks within porous rocks called reservoirs However the process is not straightforward since it is influenced underground water flows and oil may migrate hundreds of kilometres horizontally or even short distances downward before becoming trapped in a reservoir Concentration of hydrocarbons in a trap forms an oil field from which the liquid can be extracted by drilling and pumpingThe idea of abiogenic petroleum origin was championed in the Western world by astronomer Thomas Gold based on thoughts from Russia mainly on studies of Nikolai Kudryavtsev in the The idea proposes that hydrocarbons of purely geological origin exist in the plane Hydrocarbons are less dense than aqueous pore fluids and are proposed to migrate upward through deep fracture networks Thermophilic rockdwelling microbial lifeforms are proposed to be in part responsible for the biomarkers found in petroleum
Hospitality industry
The hospitality industry is a dollar service sector within the global economy It is an umbrella term for a broad variety of service industries including but not limited to hotels service casinos and tourism The hospitality industry is very diverse and global The industry is cyclical dictated by the fluctuations that occur with an economy every year approximately public houses in the United Kingdom with one in almost every city town and village In many places especially in villages a pub can be the focal point of the community playing a similar role to the local church in this respectPublic housesculturally and socially different from places such as cafés bars bierkellers and brewpubsPubs are social places based on the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages and most public houses offer a range of beers wines spirits alcopops and soft drinks Many pubs are controllet breweries so beer is often better value than wines and spirits whilst soft drinks can be expensive Beer served in a pub may be cask ale or keg beer All pubs also have a rang nonalcoholic beverages available Traditionally the windows of town pubs are of smoked or frosted glass so that the clientèle is obscured from the street In the last twenty years in the UK and other countries there has been a move away from frosted glass towards clear glass a trend which fits in with brighter interior décors
The owner tenant or manager licensee of a public house is known as the publican or landlord Each pub generally has regulars people who drink there regularly The pub that people visit most often is called their local In many cases this will be the pub nearest to their home but some people choose their local for other reasons proximity to work a traditional venue for their friends the availability of a particular cask ale nonsmoking or formerly as a place to smoke freely or maybe a darts team or pool tableA society with a particular interest in the traditional British beers and the preservation of the integrity of the public house is the Campaign for Real AleDetailed records were kept on licensing giving the Public House its address owner licensee and misdemeanours of the licensees for periods often going back for hundreds of years Many of these records survive and can be viewed for example at the London Metropolitan Archives centreA few pubs have stage performances such as serious drama standup comedians a musical band or striptease however juke boxes and other forms prerecorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a piano and singing
Meat packing industry
The meat packing industry is an industry that handles the slaughtering processing and distribution of animals such as cattle pigs sheep and other livestockThe industry is primarily focused on producing meat for human consumption but it also yields a variety of byproducts including hides feathers dried blood and through the process of rendering fat such as tallow and protein meals such as meat & bone meal In the US and some other countries the place where the meat packing is done is called a meat packing plant in New Zealand where most of the produce is exported it is called a freezing works An abattoir is a place where animals are slaughtered for foodIn Europe some MBM is used ingredients in petfood but the vast majority is now used as a fossilfuel replacement for renewable energy generation as a fuel in cement kilns landfilling or incinerationMeat and bone meal has around two thirds the energy value of fossil fuels such as coal the UK in particular widely uses meat and bone meal for the generation of renewable electricity This was particularly prominent after many cattle had to be slaughtered during the Mad Cow Disease crisisMeat and bone meal is increasingly used in cement kilns as an environmentally sustainable replacement for coal
In the past mad cow disease spread through the inclusion of ruminant meat and bone meal in cattle feed due to prion contamination This practice is now banned in most countries where it has occurred Some animals have a lower tolerance for spoiled or moldy fodder than others and certain types of molds toxins or poisonous weeds inadvertently mixed into a food source may cause economic losses due to sickness or death of the animalsPasture is land with herbaceous vegetation cover used for grazing of ungulate livestock as part of a farm or ranch Prior to the advent of mechanized farming pasture was the primary source of food for grazing animals such as cattle and horses It is still used extensively particularly in arid regions where pasture land is unsuitable for any other agricultural production In more humid regions pasture grazing is exploited extensively for free range and organic farminoPasture growth can consist of grasses legumes other forbs shrubs or a mixture Soil type minimum annual temperature and rainfall are important factors in pasture management
Ads by Indwin
|
|
|
|
|
| |
